Lesson 12
Теория (Inversion (Not only…, Hardly…, No sooner…)
Inversion = вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим
(как в вопросе, но это НЕ вопрос).
👉 Используется для:
- усиления смысла
- формального / литературного стиля
- подчёркивания драматичности или неожиданности
Общий принцип (самое важное)
Если предложение начинается с отрицательного или ограничивающего наречия,
👉 ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНО используется инверсия.
NOT ONLY … BUT (ALSO)
Структура
Not only + auxiliary + subject + verb, but (also) + normal word order
Примеры
✔ Not only did he miss the deadline, but he also failed to inform us.
✔ Not only has the company increased profits, but it has also expanded abroad.
⚠️ Если not only НЕ в начале — инверсии нет:
He not only missed the deadline but also ignored the warnings.
HARDLY / SCARCELY / BARELY … WHEN
Значение
= едва / почти не успел, как…
Структура
Hardly / Scarcely / Barely + had + subject + past participle + when
Пример
✔ Hardly had we arrived when the meeting started.
✔ Scarcely had she finished speaking when the phone rang.
⚠️ Используется Past Perfect + Past Simple
NO SOONER … THAN
Значение
= не успел…, как сразу…
Структура
No sooner + had + subject + past participle + than
Пример
✔ No sooner had he sat down than the lights went out.
✔ No sooner had the announcement been made than protests began.
Сравнение: Hardly vs No sooner
| Hardly / Scarcely | No sooner |
| when | than |
| often neutral | более драматично |
| slightly less formal | более формально |
❌ Hardly … than
❌ No sooner … when
Другие инвертирующие выражения (C1)
| Expression | Example |
| Never | Never have I seen such chaos. |
| Rarely | Rarely does he make mistakes. |
| Seldom | Seldom have we witnessed such dedication. |
| Under no circumstances | Under no circumstances should this be disclosed. |
| Little | Little did he realise the consequences. |
| Only then / only after | Only then did she understand the truth. |
Типичные ошибки ❌
❌ Not only he missed the deadline…
✔ Not only did he miss the deadline…
❌ Hardly had I arrived than the call came.
✔ Hardly had I arrived when the call came.
❌ No sooner did he finish than…
✔ No sooner had he finished than…
❌ Never I have seen such behaviour.
✔ Never have I seen such behaviour.
Когда НЕ нужна инверсия
- Если отрицательное слово не в начале
I have never experienced this before. ✔
- В обычной разговорной речи (инверсия = формально)