Lesson 16
Теория (Participle clause)
Participle clause = придаточное предложение,
сокращённое до причастной конструкции:
👉 вместо when / while / because / if / although
мы используем -ing / V3 / having + V3.
Зачем они нужны?
Используются для:
- экономии слов
- формального / письменного стиля
- логической связи (время, причина, условие, уступка)
Очень типично для:
✔ essays
✔ reports
✔ academic articles
✔ CAE / CPE Use of English
Главное правило (НЕ нарушать!)
⚠️ Подлежащее в participle clause и в главном предложении должно быть ОДНО И ТО ЖЕ
❌ Walking down the street, the car hit me.
✔ Walking down the street, I was hit by a car.
(иначе — dangling participle, серьёзная ошибка)
Виды participle clauses
1. Present participle (ing)
Используется для:
✔ одновременных действий
✔ причины
✔ объяснения
Примеры
Walking home, I ran into an old friend.Knowing the risks, he decided to proceed.
She sat at her desk, reading through the report.
≈ when / while / because
2. Past participle (V3) — passive meaning
Используется, когда действие пассивное.
Given enough time, the team will succeed.Designed for children, the app is easy to use.
Influenced by public opinion, the decision was reversed.
≈ because / although
3. Perfect participle (having + V3)
Используется, когда:
✔ действие произошло РАНЬШЕ, чем действие в главном предложении
Having completed the project, she took a break.Having been warned, they avoided the area.
≈ after / because
Meaning depends on context
Одна и та же форма может выражать разное:
Working late, he missed the meeting.→ time / reason (context decides)
Participle clauses with conjunctions (C1)
Можно сохранять союзы:
- while / when / once / although / if
While working on the report, she noticed an error.Although exhausted, he continued.
🔥 Очень C1-стиль.
Style & position
✔ чаще в начале предложения
✔ можно в середине / конце
✔ часто отделяются запятой
Типичные ошибки ❌
❌ Having finished the report, the computer was turned off.
✔ Having finished the report, she turned off the computer.
❌ Influenced by the media, they criticised the decision.
✔ Influenced by the media, the decision was criticised.
❌ Knowing the answer, silence followed.
✔ Knowing the answer, he remained silent.
C1 Academic examples
Having analysed the data, the researchers drew several conclusions.
Faced with increasing pressure, the company revised its strategy.
While acknowledging the limitations, the study provides valuable insights.