Lesson 17
Теория (advanced linking words)
На уровне C1 linking words:
- показывают логические отношения между идеями
- делают текст плавным и академичным
- помогают чётко аргументировать и контрастировать
- отличают B2 от C1 🔝
Основные категории (C1 focus)
1. Contrast & concession (контраст / уступка)
Более формальные и точные
| Linking word | Пример |
| nevertheless | The plan was risky. Nevertheless, it was approved. |
| nonetheless | The evidence was limited. Nonetheless, action was taken. |
| whereas | Urban areas are expanding, whereas rural regions are declining. |
| while | While the proposal has merits, it remains impractical. |
| even so | The deadline was unrealistic. Even so, the team delivered. |
📌 nevertheless / nonetheless ≈ however, но формальнее.
2. Cause, reason & result
| Linking word | Use | Example |
| owing to | причина (формально) | The delay occurred owing to technical issues. |
| due to | причина (после noun) | The cancellation was due to bad weather. |
| as a result | результат | Costs increased; as a result, profits fell. |
| thereby | результат (процесс) | The policy reduced waste, thereby lowering costs. |
⚠️ due to ≠ because of (грамматика важна!)
3. Addition & reinforcement
| Linking word | Example |
| moreover | Moreover, the plan is financially viable. |
| furthermore | Furthermore, no alternatives were proposed. |
| in addition | In addition, staff training is required. |
| what is more | What is more, the system is outdated. |
📌 what is more — менее формально, но допустимо.
4. Condition & limitation
| Linking word | Example |
| provided (that) | The contract is valid provided that all terms are met. |
| on condition that | Entry is allowed on condition that ID is shown. |
| unless | The plan will fail unless funding is secured. |
5. Emphasis & clarification
| Linking word | Example |
| indeed | The task is difficult, indeed, almost impossible. |
| in fact | He claimed to agree. In fact, he opposed the idea. |
| namely | Three factors, namely, cost, time and risk, were considered. |
6. Sequencing & structuring (academic)
| Linking word | Example |
| initially | Initially, the plan was rejected. |
| subsequently | Subsequently, it was revised. |
| ultimately | Ultimately, a compromise was reached. |
🔥 Очень типично для reports.
7. Concession structures (C1)
Not with standing the risks, the project continued.Despite / In spite of significant opposition, the law was passed.
📌 Not with standing = extremely formal.
Position & punctuation (важно!)
✔ sentence adverbs → обычно в начале + запятая
Nevertheless, the issue remains unresolved.
✔ conjunctions → внутри предложения
The issue remains unresolved, whereas public support is growing.
Типичные ошибки ❌
❌ Despite of the risks…
✔ Despite the risks…
❌ Due to he was late…
✔ He was late because of traffic.
✔ His lateness was due to traffic.
❌ Moreover but the results…
✔ Moreover, the results…