Lesson 18
Теория (Reduced relative clauses)
Reduced relative clauses — это укороченная версия relative clauses,
когда мы убираем who / which / that + вспомогательные слова,
чтобы предложение звучало короче и естественнее.
Когда можно сокращать?
Мы можем сокращать ТОЛЬКО defining relative clauses
❌ non-defining сокращать нельзя
✔ The man who is standing there →
✔ The man standing there
Сокращение с Continuous (-ing)
Если в relative clause есть be + V-ing,
мы убираем who / which + be,
оставляем -ing форму.
Примеры
The girl who is talking to John is my sister.→ The girl talking to John is my sister.
The cars which are waiting outside are new.→ The cars waiting outside are new.
Сокращение с Passive
Если relative clause в Passive Voice,
мы убираем who / which + be,
оставляем V3 (past participle).
Примеры
The book which was written in 1990 is popular.→ The book written in 1990 is popular.
The house that was built last year is expensive.→ The house built last year is expensive.
Сокращение без глагола be
Если relative clause:
- в Active voice
- без be
→ используем -ing
Примеры
The man who works here →→ The man working here
Students who study hard →→ Students studying hard
Когда сокращать НЕЛЬЗЯ
❌ Non-defining clauses
My brother, who lives in Paris, is a chef.(❌ нельзя сокращать)
❌ Когда меняется смысл или становится непонятно
❌ Когда нужно уточнение времени / действия
Сравнение
| Полная форма | Сокращённая |
| The woman who is sitting near the window | The woman sitting near the window |
| The letter which was sent yesterday | The letter sent yesterday |
| People who live here | People living here |
Частые ошибки
❌ The man living in Paris, is my uncle.
(нельзя — запятая!)
❌ The book written by him, is famous.
✅ The man living in Paris is my uncle.
✅ The book written by him is famous.