Lesson 22

Почему это важно

• Делает текст более читабельным и профессиональным
• Показывает широкий словарный запас
• Укрепляет cohesion & coherence (связность текста)
• Избегает ощущения «детского» или разговорного стиля

❌ The report shows the results. The results are significant.

✔ The report shows the findings, which are significant.

Основные стратегии

1. Использование синонимов / перефразирование

• increase → rise / growth / improvement
• important → significant / crucial / essential
• problem → issue / challenge / difficulty

Пример:

❌ The project has a problem. The problem is costly.

✔ The project has a challenge, which is costly.

Использование местоимений

• he / she / they / it / this / these / such
• often combined with relative clauses

Пример:

❌ The policy reduces costs. The policy affects everyone.

✔ The policy reduces costs and affects everyone.

✔ The policy, which reduces costs, affects everyone.

3. Использование абстрактных существительных / Nominalisation

• Превращаем глаголы в существительные → избегаем повторов

❌ They decided to increase efficiency. They implemented the decision.

✔ They decided on an increase in efficiency and implemented it.

4. Использование синонимических выражений / перефраз

• in order to → to / so as to / for the purpose of
• because → since / as / due to the fact that
• shows → demonstrates / indicates / reveals

Пример:

❌ The study shows that... The study proves that…

✔ The study demonstrates that…

5. Использование грамматических приёмов

1. Relative clauses: who, which, that
2. Passive voice: avoids повторение подлежащего
3. Ellipsis / substitution: do, so, one, such

Пример:

❌ The company introduced new rules. The company monitored employees.

✔ The company introduced new rules and monitored them.

✔ New rules were introduced by the company, which also monitored compliance.

Common mistakes ❌

❌ Частое повторение одного и того же слова: problem / good / important

✔ Использование синонимов или перефразирование

❌ Чрезмерное использование «this» без уточнения

✔ Combine with a noun or relative clause: this decision / this approach

❌ Переполнение текста длинными повторяющимися конструкциями

✔ Use nominalisation, pronouns, substitution

Academic / C1 примеры

• ❌ The results show that productivity increased. The results were significant.
• ✔ The results indicate a significant increase in productivity.
• ❌ The policy has benefits. The policy affects all employees.
• ✔ The policy has benefits, affecting all employees.
• ✔ The policy, which has several benefits, affects all employees.
• ❌ They need to improve communication. They need to train staff.
• ✔ Improving communication and training staff are necessary.