Lesson 5
Теория (Articles (advanced use & exceptions)
Нулевой артикль (Ø) — НЕ «просто без артикля»
Обобщение (general meaning)
Когда говорим о понятии в целом, а не о конкретном объекте:
- Life is unpredictable.
- Technology is changing rapidly.
- Freedom is essential in a democracy.
❗ НО:
- The life of Napoleon (конкретная жизнь)
- The technology used in this device (конкретная)
Учреждения — идея, а не здание
- go to school / university / prison / hospital / church
(функция, цель)
✔ He is in hospital (как пациент)
❌ He is in the hospital (как здание)
СМИ и транспорт
- watch television
- listen to radio
- travel by car / train / bus / plane
НО:
- on the radio
- in the car
Определённый артикль the — логика C1
Единственный в своём роде
- the sun, the internet, the environment
- the government (конкретной страны)
Обоюдная понятность (shared knowledge)
Даже если предмет впервые упоминается:
- The police are investigating the case.
- The problem is that nobody warned us.
The + прилагательное = группа людей
- the rich, the elderly, the unemployed
❌ the rich people — уже конкретика
The + время / период
- in the 1990s
- during the Middle Ages
- at the beginning of the meeting
Неопределённый артикль a / an — продвинутые случаи
Оценка / характеристика
- It was a mistake to trust him.
- She has a deep understanding of the issue.
Значение «один из»
- This is a possible explanation.
- He’s a teacher you can rely on.
A / an с абстрактными существительными
Когда добавляется описание:
✔ She showed a courage I hadn’t expected.
✔ There was a silence that made everyone uncomfortable.
Артикли с географией
Без the
- countries: France, Japan
- cities: Berlin
- streets: Oxford Street
- lakes: Lake Victoria
- mountains (одиночные): Mount Everest
С the
- rivers: the Nile
- seas & oceans: the Mediterranean
- mountain ranges: the Alps
- deserts: the Sahara
- plural countries: the Netherlands, the USA
- regions: the Middle East
Артикль меняет смысл
| Без артикля | С артиклем |
| at school | at the school |
| in prison | in the prison |
| by car | in the car |
| go to bed | sit on the bed |
| be in hospital | visit the hospital |
Устойчивые выражения (учить как лексику)
Без артикля
- at night
- by chance
- in danger
- on foot
- at home
С артиклем
- in the morning
- on the whole
- play the piano
- tell the truth
Типичные ошибки уровня C1
❌ The life is difficult.
✔ Life is difficult.
❌ She is in the university. (о студенте)
✔ She is at university.
❌ Internet has changed society.
✔ The internet has changed society.
❌ He has the experience in marketing.
✔ He has experience in marketing.