Чек-лист · A2–C1

ПАССИВНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

Теория (Passive Voice (Present & Past)

📦 ЧТО ТАКОЕ ПАССИВНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

В английском языке можно построить предложение двумя способами. Выбор зависит от того, на чём мы хотим сделать акцент.

Активный залог (Active Voice)

На первом месте тот, кто совершает действие.

👉 Кто? → делает → что?

Пассивный залог (Passive Voice)

На первом месте то, над чем совершают действие.

👉 Что? → подвергается действию ← (кем?)

Когда используем пассив:

  • исполнитель неизвестен или неважен
  • важнее сам факт или результат действия
  • в официальных, научных текстах, инструкциях

🔄 СРАВНЕНИЕ: ACTIVE vs PASSIVE

Активный (кто делает)Пассивный (что сделано)
The artist painted a portrait.A portrait was painted (by the artist).
The manager sends the report.The report is sent (by the manager).
Someone left the door open.The door was left open.

🟢 PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE

Когда: о действиях, которые происходят регулярно, обычно, по расписанию

Структура:

Объект + am / is / are + V3

Примеры:

  • Active: The staff cleans the lobby every morning. Passive: The lobby is cleaned every morning.
  • Active: A local bakery makes these croissants. Passive: These croissants are made by a local bakery.
  • Active: They deliver packages on weekdays. Passive: Packages are delivered on weekdays.

🔵 PAST SIMPLE PASSIVE

Когда: о действиях, которые произошли в прошлом (результат важен сейчас или действие завершено)

Структура:

Объект + was / were + V3

Примеры:

  • Active: A famous architect designed this bridge. Passive: This bridge was designed by a famous architect.
  • Active: They launched the product last year. Passive: The product was launched last year.
  • Active: Someone stole my bike yesterday. Passive: My bike was stolen yesterday.

📋 СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ТАБЛИЦА

ВремяАктивный залогПассивный залог
Present SimpleThey serve breakfast at 8 a.m.Breakfast is served at 8 a.m.
Past SimpleThey served a special dish yesterday.A special dish was served yesterday.

🔑 КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ МОМЕНТЫ

  1. Главное — результат В пассиве мы смотрим на то, что произошло с объектом, а не на того, кто это сделал.
  2. by + исполнитель Добавляем, если хотим указать, кто совершил действие. Если это неважно или неизвестно — опускаем.
  3. Форма глагола После am / is / are / was / were всегда ставится третья форма (V3 / Past Participle):
    • build → built
    • take → taken
    • offer → offered
Практические задания

Assignment 1

Перепишите предложения из активного залога в пассивный

  1. The gardener waters the flowers every evening.
  2. Someone stole my wallet on the bus.
  3. The company employs over 500 people.
  4. They built this church in the 15th century.
  5. The waitress serves coffee after the meal.
  6. A sudden storm damaged the roof.
  7. Millions of people watch this show every week.
  8. The police arrested the suspect last night.
  9. The school organizes a trip every spring.
  10. An unknown artist painted this portrait.
Answers
  1. The flowers are watered (by the gardener) every evening.
  2. My wallet was stolen on the bus.
  3. Over 500 people are employed (by the company).
  4. This church was built in the 15th century.
  5. Coffee is served after the meal (by the waitress).
  6. The roof was damaged by a sudden storm.
  7. This show is watched by millions of people every week.
  8. The suspect was arrested last night.
  9. A trip is organized by the school every spring.
  10. This portrait was painted by an unknown artist.

Assignment 2

Выберите правильную форму пассивного залога (Present Simple или Past Simple)

  1. These photos __________ (take) by my grandfather many years ago.
  2. English __________ (speak) in many countries around the world.
  3. The invitations __________ (send) yesterday morning.
  4. This room __________ (clean) every day.
  5. The window __________ (break) during the storm last night.
  6. The results __________ (announce) tomorrow. (используйте Present Simple)
  7. The bridge __________ (close) for repairs last month.
  8. Many trees __________ (plant) in the city every spring.
  9. The email __________ (send) to the wrong address by mistake.
  10. These books __________ (write) for young readers.
Answers
  1. were taken
  2. is spoken
  3. were sent
  4. is cleaned
  5. was broken
  6. are announced
  7. was closed
  8. are planted
  9. was sent
  10. are written

Assignment 3

Переведите на английский, используя пассивный залог

  1. Этот фильм показывают каждый вечер.
  2. Мой телефон был украден вчера.
  3. Кофе подают с молоком или без.
  4. Этот мост построили в прошлом веке.
  5. Письма доставляют утром.
  6. Все билеты были проданы за час.
  7. Ужин готовит мой муж. (уточните, кто)
  8. Этот роман был написан известным писателем.
  9. Собаку кормят два раза в день.
  10. Здание повредили во время шторма.
Answers
  1. This film is shown every evening.
  2. My phone was stolen yesterday.
  3. Coffee is served with or without milk.
  4. This bridge was built in the last century.
  5. Letters are delivered in the morning.
  6. All the tickets were sold in an hour.
  7. Dinner is cooked by my husband.
  8. This novel was written by a famous writer.
  9. The dog is fed twice a day.
  10. The building was damaged during the storm.