Чек-лист · A2–C1

СЛОВА-СВЯЗКИ (LINKING WORDS)

Теория (Linking words (however, because, although)

🔗 ЧТО ТАКОЕ СВЯЗКИ (LINKING WORDS)

Связующие слова (linking words) — это «мостики» между предложениями или частями предложения. Они помогают сделать речь логичной и связной, показывая, как именно связаны мысли: причина, следствие, противопоставление или добавление.

📌 1. BECAUSE — ПОТОМУ ЧТО (причина)

Зачем используем:

Чтобы объяснить причину действия или ситуации. Отвечает на вопрос «почему?».

Где ставим:

because находится между двумя частями предложения (причина и следствие). Порядок может быть любым, но because всегда стоит перед причиной.

Примеры:

  • He missed the train because his alarm didn’t go off.
  • Because the store was already closed, we went home.
  • They’re learning Spanish because they want to travel to Mexico.

📌 2. ALTHOUGH / THOUGH — ХОТЯ (контраст, неожиданность)

Зачем используем:

Чтобы показать противоречие или неожиданный результат. Одна часть предложения как бы идёт вразрез с другой.

Где ставим:

Although обычно стоит в начале предложения или между частями. Though чаще встречается в разговорной речи и может стоять в конце.

Примеры:

  • Although the hotel was cheap, it was very clean.
  • She kept running, though her legs were aching.
  • Though I’d never met him, I recognized him immediately.

📌 3. HOWEVER — ОДНАКО (противопоставление, смена мысли)

Зачем используем:

Чтобы противопоставить предыдущее высказывание или перевести разговор в другое русло. However всегда начинает новое предложение или ставится после точки с запятой.

Где ставим:

В начале нового предложения, после точки или точки с запятой. После however обычно ставится запятая.

Примеры:

  • I love the design of this phone. However, it’s too expensive.
  • The hotel was fully booked; however, they found us another one.
  • He studied very little. However, he passed the exam.

📊 БЫСТРОЕ СРАВНЕНИЕ

СвязкаЗначениеПример
becauseпричина («почему»)I took an umbrella because it was drizzling.
although / thoughуступка («вопреки тому что»)Although it was drizzling, I didn’t take an umbrella.
howeverпротивопоставление («но при этом»)It was drizzling. However, I didn’t take an umbrella.

🔑 КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ОТЛИЧИЯ

  • because — объясняет причину: действие А случилось из-за Б
  • although / though — показывает неожиданное противоречие: действие А случилось, хотя должно было помешать Б
  • however — противопоставляет целые мысли: обычно начинает новое предложение и звучит более формально
Практические задания

Assignment 1

Вставьте подходящее связующее слово (because / although / however)

  1. __________ she was tired, she stayed up late to finish the book.
  2. He didn’t get the job __________ he didn’t have enough experience.
  3. The restaurant was quite expensive. __________, the food was delicious.
  4. __________ the traffic was terrible, we arrived on time.
  5. I called him __________ I wanted to apologize.
  6. She loves classical music; __________, she never goes to concerts.
  7. __________ he trained every day, he didn’t win the race.
  8. They moved to the countryside __________ they wanted fresh air.
  9. The hotel room was small. __________, it had a beautiful view.
  10. __________ the museum was closed, we decided to walk in the park instead.
Answers
  1. Although
  2. because
  3. However
  4. Although
  5. because
  6. however
  7. Although
  8. because
  9. However
  10. Although

Assignment 2

Исправьте ошибки в предложениях

  1. Because was raining, we stayed home.
  2. She was late however she took a taxi.
  3. Although the price was high, but we bought it.
  4. He passed the exam because of he studied hard.
  5. I enjoy the park. Although it’s far from my house.
  6. She didn’t call me. Because she forgot.
  7. However the weather was bad, we went hiking.
  8. He is rich, because he is not happy.
  9. Although he tried his best, however he failed.
  10. I bought the shoes because they were comfortable. Although they were expensive.
Answers
  1. Because it was raining, we stayed home. / We stayed home because it was raining.
  2. She was late. However, she took a taxi. / She was late; however, she took a taxi.
  3. Although the price was high, we bought it. / The price was high, but we bought it.
  4. He passed the exam because he studied hard.
  5. I enjoy the park, although it’s far from my house. / I enjoy the park. However, it’s far from my house.
  6. She didn’t call me because she forgot. / She forgot, so she didn’t call me.
  7. Although the weather was bad, we went hiking. / The weather was bad; however, we went hiking.
  8. He is rich, but he is not happy. / He is rich. However, he is not happy.
  9. Although he tried his best, he failed. / He tried his best; however, he failed.
  10. I bought the shoes because they were comfortable, although they were expensive. / I bought the shoes because they were comfortable. However, they were expensive.

Assignment 3

Переведите на английский, используя because / although / however

  1. Я взял такси, потому что опоздал на автобус.
  2. Хотя было холодно, они купались в море.
  3. Он очень много работал. Однако он не получил повышение.
  4. Мы не пошли гулять, потому что шёл дождь.
  5. Хотя фильм был длинным, он мне очень понравился.
  6. Я хотел купить этот стул. Однако он был слишком дорогим.
  7. Она не сдала экзамен, потому что не готовилась.
  8. Хотя он не умеет готовить, он приготовил ужин.
  9. Мы опоздали на поезд. Однако успели на следующий.
  10. Я купил подарок, потому что у неё был день рождения.
Answers
  1. I took a taxi because I missed the bus.
  2. Although it was cold, they swam in the sea.
  3. He worked very hard. However, he didn’t get a promotion.
  4. We didn’t go for a walk because it was raining.
  5. Although the film was long, I really liked it.
  6. I wanted to buy this chair. However, it was too expensive.
  7. She failed the exam because she didn’t study.
  8. Although he doesn’t know how to cook, he made dinner.
  9. We missed the train. However, we caught the next one.
  10. I bought a gift because it was her birthday.