Lesson 15
Теория (Relative clauses (reduced & embedded)
Reduced relative clauses
= сокращённые относительные предложения
(убираем who / which / that + глагол, чтобы речь стала компактнее)
Embedded relative clauses
= вложенные относительные предложения
(относительное предложение внутри другого — сложная, но очень C1-структура)
Reduced relative clauses
Когда можно сокращать?
Только если:
✔ относительное предложение определительное (defining)
✔ подлежащее в главном и придаточном — одно и то же
1. Active → V-ing
The people who live here →✔ The people living here
Students who study abroad gain experience →✔ Students studying abroad gain experience
2. Passive → Past participle (V3)
The report which was published yesterday →✔ The report published yesterday
The methods that are used in research →✔ The methods used in research
3. With be → adjective / noun
A company which is responsible for the damage →✔ A company responsible for the damage
The only person who was available →✔ The only person available
Когда НЕЛЬЗЯ сокращать ❌
❌ если разные подлежащие
❌ в non-defining clauses
❌ если смысл становится неясным
Embedded relative clauses
Относительное предложение вставлено внутрь другого предложения,
часто между подлежащим и сказуемым.
The proposal that the committee which was formed last year approved was controversial.
😮 Да, выглядит сложно — но это норма C1.
Пример
The report that the expert who reviewed the data submitted was convincing.
📌 Используется, когда:
- нужно добавить точность
- много уточнений
- формальный / академический стиль
Почему embedded clauses — C1?
Потому что требуют:
✔ контроля структуры
✔ ясности
✔ хорошей пунктуации
✔ логики (не перегрузить предложение)
Reduced + embedded вместе 🔥
The policy introduced last year that experts who analysed the data supported was implemented nationwide.
(да, это реально экзаменный уровень)
Relative pronouns — advanced choices
| Pronoun | Use |
| who | люди |
| which | вещи / идеи |
| that | defining only |
| whose | владение |
| where / when | место / время |
| Ø (zero) | объект |
Типичные ошибки ❌
❌ The man working in HR, is my uncle.
✔ The man working in HR is my uncle. (no comma!)
❌ The report published yesterday, was criticised.
✔ The report published yesterday was criticised.
❌ Students studied abroad gain confidence.
✔ Students studying abroad gain confidence.
❌ The proposal that approved yesterday was rejected.
✔ The proposal approved yesterday was rejected.